IntroductionLiquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) are ubiquitous in modern technology, serving as the screens for our smartphones, televisions, computer monitors, and various other devices[2][49]. They have revolutionized the way we visualize information, offering a flat-panel display technology that is en

IntroductionLiquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) are a cornerstone of modern display technology, widely used in everything from televisions and computer monitors to smartphones and digital watches. The term "liquid crystal" refers to a state of matter that has properties between those of liquids and solid